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<refentry id="APP-PGRESTORE">
 <refmeta>
  <refentrytitle>pg_restore</refentrytitle>
  <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
  <refmiscinfo>Application</refmiscinfo>
 </refmeta>

 <refnamediv>
  <refname>pg_restore</refname>

  <refpurpose>
   restore a <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> database from an
   archive file created by <application>pg_dump</application>
  </refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>

 <indexterm zone="app-pgrestore">
  <primary>pg_restore</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <refsynopsisdiv>
  <cmdsynopsis>
   <command>pg_restore</command>
   <arg rep="repeat"><replaceable>option</replaceable></arg>
   <arg><replaceable>filename</replaceable></arg>
  </cmdsynopsis>
 </refsynopsisdiv>


 <refsect1 id="app-pgrestore-description">
  <title>Description</title>

  <para>
   <application>pg_restore</application> is a utility for restoring a
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> database from an archive
   created by <xref linkend="app-pgdump"> in one of the non-plain-text
   formats.  It will issue the commands necessary to reconstruct the
   database to the state it was in at the time it was saved.  The
   archive files also allow <application>pg_restore</application> to
   be selective about what is restored, or even to reorder the items
   prior to being restored. The archive files are designed to be
   portable across architectures.
  </para>

  <para>
   <application>pg_restore</application> can operate in two modes.
   If a database name is specified, <application>pg_restore</application>
   connects to that database and restores archive contents directly into
   the database.  Otherwise, a script containing the SQL
   commands necessary to rebuild the database is created and written
   to a file or standard output.  This script output is equivalent to
   the plain text output format of <application>pg_dump</application>.
   Some of the options controlling the output are therefore analogous to
   <application>pg_dump</application> options.
  </para>

  <para>
   Obviously, <application>pg_restore</application> cannot restore information
   that is not present in the archive file.  For instance, if the
   archive was made using the <quote>dump data as
   <command>INSERT</command> commands</quote> option,
   <application>pg_restore</application> will not be able to load the data
   using <command>COPY</command> statements.
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="app-pgrestore-options">
  <title>Options</title>

   <para>
    <application>pg_restore</application> accepts the following command
    line arguments.

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
       Specifies the location of the archive file to be restored.
       If not specified, the standard input is used.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-a</option></term>
      <term><option>--data-only</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restore only the data, not the schema (data definitions).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-c</option></term>
      <term><option>--clean</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clean (drop) database objects before recreating them.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-C</option></term>
      <term><option>--create</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create the database before restoring into it.  (When this
        option is used, the database named with <option>-d</option> is
        used only to issue the initial <command>CREATE DATABASE</>
        command.  All data is restored into the database name that
        appears in the archive.)
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-d <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--dbname=<replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Connect to database <replaceable
        class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> and restore directly
        into the database.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-e</option></term>
      <term><option>--exit-on-error</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Exit if an error is encountered while sending SQL commands to
        the database. The default is to continue and to display a count of
        errors at the end of the restoration.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-f <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--file=<replaceable>filename</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specify output file for generated script, or for the listing
        when used with <option>-l</option>. Default is the standard
        output.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-F <replaceable class="parameter">format</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--format=<replaceable class="parameter">format</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specify format of the archive.  It is not necessary to specify
        the format, since <application>pg_restore</application> will
        determine the format automatically. If specified, it can be
        one of the following:

       <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
         <term><literal>t</></term>
         <term><literal>tar</></term>
         <listitem>
          <para>
           The archive is a <command>tar</command> archive.
          </para>
         </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
         <term><literal>c</></term>
         <term><literal>custom</></term>
         <listitem>
          <para>
           The archive is in the custom format of
           <application>pg_dump</application>.
          </para>
         </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
       </variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-i</option></term>
      <term><option>--ignore-version</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        A deprecated option that is now ignored.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-I <replaceable class="parameter">index</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--index=<replaceable class="parameter">index</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restore definition of named index only.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-j <replaceable class="parameter">number-of-jobs</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--jobs=<replaceable class="parameter">number-of-jobs</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Run the most time-consuming parts
        of <application>pg_restore</> &mdash; those which load data,
        create indexes, or create constraints &mdash; using multiple
        concurrent jobs.  This option can dramatically reduce the time
        to restore a large database to a server running on a
        multi-processor machine.
       </para>

       <para>
        Each job is one process or one thread, depending on the
        operating system, and uses a separate connection to the
        server.
       </para>

       <para>
        The optimal value for this option depends on the hardware
        setup of the server, of the client, and of the network.
        Factors include the number of CPU cores and the disk setup.  A
        good place to start is the number of CPU cores on the server,
        but values larger than that can also lead to faster restore
        times in many cases.  Of course, values that are too high will
        lead to decreasing performance because of thrashing.
       </para>

       <para>
        Only the custom archive format is supported with this option.
        The input file must be a regular file (not, for example, a
        pipe).  This option is ignored when emitting a script rather
        than connecting directly to a database server.  Also, multiple
        jobs cannot be used together with the
        option <option>--single-transaction</option>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-l</option></term>
      <term><option>--list</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        List the contents of the archive. The output of this operation
        can be used as input to the <option>-L</option> option.  Note that
        if filtering switches such as <option>-n</> or <option>-t</> are
        used with <option>-l</>, they will restrict the items listed.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-L <replaceable class="parameter">list-file</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--use-list=<replaceable class="parameter">list-file</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restore only those archive elements that are listed in <replaceable
        class="PARAMETER">list-file</replaceable>, and restore them in the
        order they appear in the file.  Note that
        if filtering switches such as <option>-n</> or <option>-t</> are
        used with <option>-L</>, they will further restrict the items restored.
       </para>
       <para>
        <replaceable class="PARAMETER">list-file</> is normally created by
        editing the output of a previous <option>-l</> operation.
        Lines can be moved or removed, and can also
        be commented out by placing a semicolon (<literal>;</literal>) at the
        start of the line.  See below for examples.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-n <replaceable class="parameter">namespace</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--schema=<replaceable class="parameter">schema</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restore only objects that are in the named schema.  This can be
        combined with the <option>-t</option> option to restore just a
        specific table.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-O</option></term>
      <term><option>--no-owner</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Do not output commands to set
        ownership of objects to match the original database.
        By default, <application>pg_restore</application> issues
        <command>ALTER OWNER</> or
        <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</command>
        statements to set ownership of created schema elements.
        These statements will fail unless the initial connection to the
        database is made by a superuser
        (or the same user that owns all of the objects in the script).
        With <option>-O</option>, any user name can be used for the
        initial connection, and this user will own all the created objects.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>--no-tablespaces</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Do not output commands to select tablespaces.
        With this option, all objects will be created in whichever
        tablespace is the default during restore.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-P <replaceable class="parameter">function-name(argtype [, ...])</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--function=<replaceable class="parameter">function-name(argtype [, ...])</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restore the named function only.  Be careful to spell the function
        name and arguments exactly as they appear in the dump file's table
        of contents.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-R</option></term>
      <term><option>--no-reconnect</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This option is obsolete but still accepted for backwards
        compatibility.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-s</option></term>
      <term><option>--schema-only</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restore only the schema (data definitions), not the data (table
        contents).  Sequence current values will not be restored, either.
        (Do not confuse this with the <option>--schema</> option, which
        uses the word <quote>schema</> in a different meaning.)
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-S <replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--superuser=<replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specify the superuser user name to use when disabling triggers.
        This is only relevant if <option>--disable-triggers</> is used.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-t <replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--table=<replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restore definition and/or data of named table only.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-T <replaceable class="parameter">trigger</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--trigger=<replaceable class="parameter">trigger</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restore named trigger only.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-v</option></term>
      <term><option>--verbose</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies verbose mode.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-x</option></term>
      <term><option>--no-privileges</option></term>
      <term><option>--no-acl</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent restoration of access privileges (grant/revoke commands).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>--disable-triggers</></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This option is only relevant when performing a data-only restore.
        It instructs <application>pg_restore</application> to execute commands
        to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables while
        the data is reloaded.  Use this if you have referential
        integrity checks or other triggers on the tables that you
        do not want to invoke during data reload.
       </para>

       <para>
        Presently, the commands emitted for
        <option>--disable-triggers</> must be done as superuser.  So, you
        should also specify a superuser name with <option>-S</>, or
        preferably run <application>pg_restore</application> as a
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> superuser.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>--use-set-session-authorization</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Output SQL-standard <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> commands
        instead of <command>ALTER OWNER</> commands to determine object
        ownership.  This makes the dump more standards compatible, but
        depending on the history of the objects in the dump, might not restore
        properly.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>--no-data-for-failed-tables</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        By default, table data is restored even if the creation command
        for the table failed (e.g., because it already exists).
        With this option, data for such a table is skipped.
        This behavior is useful if the target database already
        contains the desired table contents.  For example,
        auxiliary tables for <productname>PostgreSQL</> extensions
        such as <productname>PostGIS</> might already be loaded in
        the target database; specifying this option prevents duplicate
        or obsolete data from being loaded into them.
       </para>

       <para>
        This option is effective only when restoring directly into a
        database, not when producing SQL script output.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-1</option></term>
      <term><option>--single-transaction</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Execute the restore as a single transaction (that is, wrap the
        emitted commands in <command>BEGIN</>/<command>COMMIT</>).  This
        ensures that either all the commands complete successfully, or no
        changes are applied. This option implies
        <option>--exit-on-error</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </para>

   <para>
    <application>pg_restore</application> also accepts
    the following command line arguments for connection parameters:

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-h <replaceable class="parameter">host</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--host=<replaceable class="parameter">host</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is
        running.  If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the
        directory for the Unix domain socket. The default is taken
        from the <envar>PGHOST</envar> environment variable, if set,
        else a Unix domain socket connection is attempted.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--port=<replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file
        extension on which the server is listening for connections.
        Defaults to the <envar>PGPORT</envar> environment variable, if
        set, or a compiled-in default.
        </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-U <replaceable>username</replaceable></option></term>
      <term><option>--username=<replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        User name to connect as.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-w</></term>
      <term><option>--no-password</></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Never issue a password prompt.  If the server requires
        password authentication and a password is not available by
        other means such as a <filename>.pgpass</filename> file, the
        connection attempt will fail.  This option can be useful in
        batch jobs and scripts where no user is present to enter a
        password.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-W</option></term>
      <term><option>--password</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Force <application>pg_restore</application> to prompt for a
        password before connecting to a database.
       </para>

       <para>
        This option is never essential, since
        <application>pg_restore</application> will automatically prompt
        for a password if the server demands password authentication.
        However, <application>pg_restore</application> will waste a
        connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password.
        In some cases it is worth typing <option>-W</> to avoid the extra
        connection attempt.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>--role=<replaceable class="parameter">rolename</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies a role name to be used to perform the restore.
        This option causes <application>pg_restore</> to issue a
        <command>SET ROLE</> <replaceable class="parameter">rolename</>
        command after connecting to the database. It is useful when the
        authenticated user (specified by <option>-U</>) lacks privileges
        needed by <application>pg_restore</>, but can switch to a role with
        the required rights.  Some installations have a policy against
        logging in directly as a superuser, and use of this option allows
        restores to be performed without violating the policy.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </para>
 </refsect1>


 <refsect1>
  <title>Environment</title>

  <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><envar>PGHOST</envar></term>
    <term><envar>PGOPTIONS</envar></term>
    <term><envar>PGPORT</envar></term>
    <term><envar>PGUSER</envar></term>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Default connection parameters
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>

  <para>
   This utility, like most other <productname>PostgreSQL</> utilities,
   also uses the environment variables supported by <application>libpq</>
   (see <xref linkend="libpq-envars">).
  </para>

 </refsect1>


 <refsect1 id="app-pgrestore-diagnostics">
  <title>Diagnostics</title>

  <para>
   When a direct database connection is specified using the
   <option>-d</option> option, <application>pg_restore</application>
   internally executes <acronym>SQL</acronym> statements. If you have
   problems running <application>pg_restore</application>, make sure
   you are able to select information from the database using, for
   example, <xref linkend="app-psql">.  Also, any default connection
   settings and environment variables used by the
   <application>libpq</application> front-end library will apply.
  </para>
 </refsect1>


 <refsect1 id="app-pgrestore-notes">
  <title>Notes</title>

  <para>
   If your installation has any local additions to the
   <literal>template1</> database, be careful to load the output of
   <application>pg_restore</application> into a truly empty database;
   otherwise you are likely to get errors due to duplicate definitions
   of the added objects.  To make an empty database without any local
   additions, copy from <literal>template0</> not <literal>template1</>, for example:
<programlisting>
CREATE DATABASE foo WITH TEMPLATE template0;
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   The limitations of <application>pg_restore</application> are detailed below.

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      When restoring data to a pre-existing table and the option
      <option>--disable-triggers</> is used,
      <application>pg_restore</application> emits commands
      to disable triggers on user tables before inserting the data then emits commands to
      re-enable them after the data has been inserted.  If the restore is stopped in the
      middle, the system catalogs might be left in the wrong state.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <application>pg_restore</application> cannot restore large objects
      selectively, for instance only those for a specific table.  If
      an archive contains large objects, then all large objects will be
      restored, or none of them if they are excluded via <option>-L</option>,
      <option>-t</option>, or other options.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>
  </para>

  <para>
   See also the <xref linkend="app-pgdump"> documentation for details on
   limitations of <application>pg_dump</application>.
  </para>

  <para>
   Once restored, it is wise to run <command>ANALYZE</> on each
   restored table so the optimizer has useful statistics; see
   <xref linkend="vacuum-for-statistics"> and
   <xref linkend="autovacuum"> for more information.
  </para>

 </refsect1>


 <refsect1 id="app-pgrestore-examples">
  <title>Examples</title>

  <para>
   Assume we have dumped a database called <literal>mydb</> into a
   custom-format dump file:

<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>pg_dump -Fc mydb &gt; db.dump</userinput>
</screen>
  </para>

  <para>
   To drop the database and recreate it from the dump:

<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>dropdb mydb</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>pg_restore -C -d postgres db.dump</userinput>
</screen>

   The database named in the <option>-d</> switch can be any database existing
   in the cluster; <application>pg_restore</> only uses it to issue the
   <command>CREATE DATABASE</> command for <literal>mydb</>.  With
   <option>-C</>, data is always restored into the database name that appears
   in the dump file.
  </para>

  <para>
   To reload the dump into a new database called <literal>newdb</>:

<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>createdb -T template0 newdb</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>pg_restore -d newdb db.dump</userinput>
</screen>

   Notice we don't use <option>-C</>, and instead connect directly to the
   database to be restored into.  Also note that we clone the new database
   from <literal>template0</> not <literal>template1</>, to ensure it is
   initially empty.
  </para>

  <para>
   To reorder database items, it is first necessary to dump the table of
   contents of the archive:
<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>pg_restore -l db.dump &gt; db.list</userinput>
</screen>
   The listing file consists of a header and one line for each item, e.g.:
<programlisting>
;
; Archive created at Fri Jul 28 22:28:36 2000
;     dbname: mydb
;     TOC Entries: 74
;     Compression: 0
;     Dump Version: 1.4-0
;     Format: CUSTOM
;
;
; Selected TOC Entries:
;
2; 145344 TABLE species postgres
3; 145344 ACL species
4; 145359 TABLE nt_header postgres
5; 145359 ACL nt_header
6; 145402 TABLE species_records postgres
7; 145402 ACL species_records
8; 145416 TABLE ss_old postgres
9; 145416 ACL ss_old
10; 145433 TABLE map_resolutions postgres
11; 145433 ACL map_resolutions
12; 145443 TABLE hs_old postgres
13; 145443 ACL hs_old
</programlisting>
   Semicolons start a comment, and the numbers at the start of lines refer to the
   internal archive ID assigned to each item.
  </para>

  <para>
   Lines in the file can be commented out, deleted, and reordered. For example:
<programlisting>
10; 145433 TABLE map_resolutions postgres
;2; 145344 TABLE species postgres
;4; 145359 TABLE nt_header postgres
6; 145402 TABLE species_records postgres
;8; 145416 TABLE ss_old postgres
</programlisting>
   could be used as input to <application>pg_restore</application> and would only restore
   items 10 and 6, in that order:
<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>pg_restore -L db.list db.dump</userinput>
</screen>
  </para>

 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
  <title>See Also</title>

  <simplelist type="inline">
   <member><xref linkend="app-pgdump"></member>
   <member><xref linkend="app-pg-dumpall"></member>
   <member><xref linkend="app-psql"></member>
  </simplelist>
 </refsect1>
</refentry>
